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日期：2023/04/25 00:50作者：陈文婷人气：
在爬虫的过程中，很多网站会采取反爬虫技术，其中最经常使用的就是限制一个IP的访问次数。当你本地的IP地址被该网站封禁后，可能就需要换一个代理来爬虫。其中有很多网站提供免费的代理IP（如www.xicidaili.com），我们需要做的就是从代理网站抓取代理IP，测试代理IP的有效性后将合适的代理IP加入数据库表中作为我们爬虫的代理IP池。
1、通过本地IP抓取第一批启动代理IP
我们从代理IP网站抓取代理IP的过程本身就是爬虫，如果短时间内请求次数过多会被网站禁止访问，因此我们需要利用本地IP去抓取第一批代理IP，然后使用代理IP去抓取新的代理IP。
2、对第一批启动的代理IP验证有效性后存入数据库
我们在数据库IP.db下建了两个表：proxy_ip_table（存储所有抓取的IP，用于查看抓取IP功能是否正常）和validation_ip_table（存储所有通过验证的IP，用于查看IP有效性）
第一步中获取的代理IP经检验后存入validation_ip_table，检验的实现如下：
def ip_validation(self, ip): #判断是否高匿:非高匿的ip仍会出卖你的真实ip anonymity_flag = False if "高匿" in str(ip): anonymity_flag = True IP = str(ip[0]) + ":" + str(ip[1]);IP url = "http://httpbin.org/get" ##测试代理IP功能的网站 proxies = { "https" : "https://" + IP} #为什么要用https而不用http我也不清楚 headers = FakeHeaders().random_headers_for_validation() #判断是否可用 validation_flag = True response = None try: response = requests.get(url = url, headers = headers, proxies = proxies, timeout = 5) except: validation_flag = False if response is None : validation_flag = False if anonymity_flag and validation_flag: return True else: return False3、构建待访问的网址列表并循环抓取，每次抓取的ip_list经验证后存入数据库表
我们构建了待访问的网址列表（暂定100个容易跑完）：
self.URLs = [ "https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/%d" % (index + 1) for index in range(100)]1、RandomHeaders.py
构造随机请求头，用于模拟不同的网络浏览器，调用方式：
from RandomHeaders import FakeHeaders #返回请求xici代理网站的请求头 xici_headers = FakeHeaders().random_headers_for_xici2、DatabaseTable.py
提供数据库的创建表和增删查功能，调用方式：
from DatabaseTable import IPPool tablename = "proxy_ip_table" #tablename也可以是validation_ip_table IPPool(tablename).create() #创建表 IPPool(tablename).select(random_flag = False） # random_flag = True时返回一条随机记录，否则返回全部记录 IPPool(table_name).delete(delete_all = True) #删除全部记录3、GetProxyIP.py
核心代码，有几个函数可以实现不同的功能：
从0开始完成建表、抓取IP和存入数据库的功能from GetProxyIP import Carwl Crawl().original_run() 当代理IP个数不够的时候，根据url_list列表进行抓取，将合适的IP存入列表from GetProxyIP import Carwl #其他提供代理IP的网站 url_kuaidaili = ["https://www.kuaidaili.com/free/inha/%d" % (index + 1) for index in range(10,20)] Crawl().get_more_run(url_list)完整代码请查看我的github主页：
https://github.com/TOMO-CAT/ProxyIPPool1、RandomHeaders.py
提供随机请求头，模仿浏览器访问以应付反爬
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ Created on Tue Jan 29 10:36:28 2019 @author: YANG 功能：生成随机请求头，模拟不同的浏览器访问 """ import random from fake_useragent import UserAgent class FakeHeaders(object): """ 生成随机请求头 """ def __init__(self): self.__UA = [ "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0;", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20070803 Firefox/1.5.0.12", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (Khtml, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; The World)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.140 Safari/537.36 Edge/17.17134", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Avant Browser)", "Opera/9.27 (Windows NT 5.2; U; zh-cn)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0)", "Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 5.1; U; zh-cn) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.50", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Maxthon/4.9.2.1000 Chrome/39.0.2146.0Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.87 Safari/537.36", "Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/47.0.2526.106 BIDUBrowser/8.3 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; ) Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:46.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/46.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari/534.57.2", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.154 Safari/537.36 LBBROWSER", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:5.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/5.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2486.0 Safari/537.36 Edge/13.10586", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; TencentTraveler 4.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.87 Safari/537.36 OPR/37.0.2178.32", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; InfoPath.3; rv:11.0) like Gecko", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; 360SE)", "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/47.0.2526.80 Safari/537.36 Core/1.47.277.400 QQBrowser/9.4.7658.400", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/48.0.2564.116 UBrowser/5.6.12150.8 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1) Gecko/20070309 Firefox/2.0.0.3", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 12.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.2) Gecko/2008070208 Firefox/3.0.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.2) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/12.0.742.122 Safari/534.30", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.99 Safari/537.36", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; Touch; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; Tablet PC 2.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/4.0)", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:44.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/44.0", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/48.0.2564.116 Safari/537.36 TheWorld 7", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv,2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/38.0.2125.122 Safari/537.36 SE2.X MetaSr 1.0", ] #UserAgent用户代理，主要提供浏览器类型及版本、操作系统及版本和浏览器内核等信息 def random_headers_for_xici(self): headers = { "User-Agent": UserAgent().random, ##随机选择UA "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7", "Accept":"text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8", "Accept-Encoding":"gzip, deflate, br", "Cache-Control":"max-age=0", "Connection":"keep-alive", "Host":"www.xicidaili.com", "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests":"1" } return headers def random_headers_for_validation(self): headers = { "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.9", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1", "User-Agent": UserAgent().random} return headers if __name__ == "__main__": print("随机抽取20条headers:") for i in range(20): print(FakeHeaders().random_headers_for_xici())2、DatabaseTable.py
提供数据库功能，这里提供了能存储IP的数据库IP.db。
import Sqlite3 ##可以在 Python 程序中使用 SQLite 数据库 import time class IPPool(object): ##存储ip的数据库，包括两张表ip_table和all_ip_table ##insert和建表语句绑定在一起 def __init__(self,table_name): self.__table_name = table_name self.__database_name = "IP.db" ##IPPool对应的数据库为IP.db ##初始化类，传入参数table_name def create(self): conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name, isolation_level = None) conn.execute( "create table if not exists %s(IP CHAR(20) UNIQUE, PORT INTEGER, ADDRESS CHAR(50), TYPE CHAR(50), PROTOCOL CHAR(50))" % self.__table_name) print("IP.db数据库下%s表建表成功" % self.__table_name) ##建表语句 def insert(self, ip): conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name, isolation_level = None) #isolation_level是事务隔离级别，默认是需要自己commit才能修改数据库，置为None则自动每次修改都提交 for one in ip: conn.execute( "insert or ignore into %s(IP, PORT, ADDRESS, TYPE, PROTOCOL) values (?,?,?,?,?)" % (self.__table_name), (one[0], one[1], one[2], one[3], one[4])) conn.commit() #提交insert 但是已经设置isolaion_level为None，所以应该不需要 conn.close() def select(self,random_flag = False): conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name,isolation_level = None) ##连接数据库 cur=conn.cursor() #cursor用于接受返回的结果 if random_flag: cur.execute( "select * from %s order by random() limit 1" % self.__table_name) result = cur.fetchone() #如果是random_flag为T则随机抽取一条记录并返回 else: cur.execute("select * from %s" % self.__table_name) result = cur.fetchall() cur.close() conn.close() return result def delete(self, IP = (1,1,1,1,1), delete_all=False): conn = sqlite3.connect(self.__database_name,isolation_level = None) if not delete_all: n = conn.execute("delete from %s where IP=?" % self.__table_name, (IP[0],)) #逗号不能省，元组元素只有一个的时候一定要加 print("删除了",n.rowcount,"行记录") else: n = conn.execute("delete from %s" % self.__table_name) print("删除了全部记录，共",n.rowcount,"行") conn.close()鉴于是本人写的第一个python程序，很多地方都不是很明白，代码的注释文档也比较繁琐。如果是有爬虫需要的话，构建自己的代理IP池还是很必要的，有任何改进的建议请直接与我联系，谢谢~
